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  • State Clean Energy Standards: Designing Programs for Effective Emission Reductions
  • Author: CRS Staff
  • Published: February 14th, 2025| Report | 3 Pages
  • State Clean Energy Standards (CESs), which set carbon-free energy or greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions goals for electric utilities, represent a new approach over traditional renewable portfolio standard (RPS) programs—one that focuses on renewable energy instead of emissions. This policy brief, aimed at state public utility commissioners and their staffs, discusses the critical importance of renewable …

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  • Double-Counting Risks in New Market Accounting Frameworks for State Clean Energy Programs
  • Author: CRS Staff
  • Published: February 11th, 2025| Document | 2 Pages
  • This policy brief for state policymakers and regulators describes how proposed frameworks for tracking and reporting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in new regional wholesale electricity markets for the Western Interconnection could impact the integrity of state clean energy and GHG programs. It provides recommendations including data coordination between these markets and the Western Renewable Energy …

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  • 2024 Green-e® Verification Report (2023 Data)
  • Author: CRS Staff
  • Published: December 1st, 2024| Report | 1 Pages
  • The 2024 Green-e® Verification Report (2023 Data) is an annual, year-end report that aggregates reporting data from participants in the three Green-e® programs—Green-e® Climate, Green-e® Energy, and Green-e® Marketplace. The 2024 report, which was compiled from data gathered during the 2023 reporting year, highlighted significant market trends, including: Over 125 million retail megawatt-hours (MWh) were …

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  • Background Report: GHG Allocation and RECs in Western Markets
  • Author: CRS Staff
  • Published: November 21st, 2024| Report | 19 Pages
  • This background report explores how new market frameworks for greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting and allocation impact renewable energy credits (RECs) in the Western U.S. These frameworks aim to meet state-specific emissions requirements but face challenges around double counting and REC tracking. Recommendations are provided to increase transparency and alignment between market frameworks and WREGIS for …

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  • Making Voluntary Markets for Clean Electricity Work
  • Author: CRS Staff
  • Published: September 5th, 2024| Report | 2 Pages
  • In 2023 and 2024, CRS brought together a small group of market-leading corporate and federal clean electricity buyers, key non-governmental organizations, and other leading voices to discuss voluntary strategies to transform the clean electricity market. While the group had diverse perspectives on impactful clean electricity procurement and grid decarbonization pathways, several shared core principles and …

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  • Clean Fuels in the Maritime Shipping Sector
  • Author: CRS Staff
  • Published: August 30th, 2024| Report | 11 Pages
  • The largest maritime shipping vessels consume a gallon of fuel every 15 feet. This prodigious consumption is one reason international shipping accounted for nearly 3% of global warming by 2018. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is leading a global effort to reduce the carbon intensity of shipping by switching to low-carbon fuels and modernizing aging …

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  • Clean Fuels in the Residential and Commercial Sector
  • Author: CRS Staff
  • Published: August 29th, 2024| Report | 9 Pages
  • The residential and commercial sector contributes significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Heating and cooking are typically the main fuel consuming activities within the sector. There is increasing interest and support for clean fuels such as biomethane and bioLPG in this sector, evident from their adoption in countries like the UK and other European nations. …

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  • Clean Fuels in the Ground Transportation Sector
  • Author: CRS Staff
  • Published: August 28th, 2024| Document | 12 Pages
  • The ground transportation sector, which includes personal and public transportation, trucking, rail, and off-road vehicles, is seeing a surge in clean fuel options, from renewable hydrogen to biodiesel. These fuels offer the potential for significant emissions reductions, especially when integrated into existing vehicles and infrastructure. Our report outlines the current landscape, challenges in distribution, and …

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  • Clean Fuels in the Industrial Sector
  • Author: CRS Staff
  • Published: August 27th, 2024| Report | 12 Pages
  • The industrial sector has unique energy demands, often requiring high temperatures for manufacturing processes. Clean fuels like renewable hydrogen, geothermal energy, and renewable methanol are emerging as viable solutions. However, market-based accounting methodologies are still developing, making it challenging to track and trade these fuels effectively. This background report, the second sector-specific background report released …

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